![]() Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains that later degrades into pyruvate. With the help of phosphofructokinase, an additional ATP can be used to turn phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1, 6-diphosphate. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate turns into fructose 6-phosphate. With the help of glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen can change into glucose 6-phosphate as well. Starting with glucose, one ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose + 2 NAD + + 2 P i + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + + 2 H 2O + heat The overall reaction can be expressed this way: During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destabilize the molecule for cleavage into two pyruvate. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, but two of these are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, does not require oxygen, and can therefore function under anaerobic conditions. The oval, unstained structures are spores. Figure: Humans use of prokaryotes: This is a microscopic image of Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) with a gram staining of magnification: 1,000. In eukaryotic cells, the post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria, while in prokaryotic cells, these reactions take place in the cytoplasm. Both types of metabolism share the initial pathway of glycolysis, but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The products of the Krebs cycle include energy in the form of ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation ), NADH, and FADH2.Ĭ 6H 12O 6 (s) + 6 O 2 (g) → 6 CO 2 (g) + 6 H 2O (l) + heatĪ negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.Īerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism, which yields two molecules ATP per one molecule glucose. During aerobic conditions, the pyruvate enters the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. During glycolysis, pyruvate is formed from glucose metabolism. Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins can be used as reactants, the preferred method is the process of glycolysis. While the overall reaction is a combustion reaction, no single reaction that comprises it is a combustion reaction.Īerobic reactions require oxygen for ATP generation. This is because it occurs in many separate steps. Although technically, cellular respiration is a combustion reaction, it does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell. Most of these smaller reactions are redox reactions themselves. The overall reaction is broken into many smaller ones when it occurs in the body. ![]() Figure: Overview of Cellular Respiration: A diagram of cellular respiration including glycolysis, Krebs cycle (AKA citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain.Ĭhemically, cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction. Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity. The reactions involved in this respiration are considered to be catabolic reactions that release energy as larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones and high-energy bonds are broken. \)Ĭellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place within the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ![]()
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